For successive entries by
the same author(s), use a 3-em dash after the first entry;
arrange entries chronologically by year of publication (earliest
year first)
Book with one author
(Doniger 1999)
Doniger, Wendy. 1999. Splitting the difference.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Book with two authors
(Cowlishaw and Dunbar 2000)
Cowlishaw, Guy, and Robin Dunbar. 2000. Primate conservation
biology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Book with more than three authors
(Laumann et al. 1994)
Laumann, Edward O., John H. Gagnon, Robert T. Michael,
and Stuart Michaels. 1994. The social organization
of sexuality: Sexual practices in the United States.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Editor, translator, or compiler
(Lattimore 1951)
Lattimore, Richmond, trans. 1951. The Iliad of Homer.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Chapter or other part of a
book
(Twaddell 1957, 85-87)
Twaddell, W. Freeman. 1957. A note on Old High German
umlaut. In Readings in linguistics I: The development
of descriptive linguistics in America, 1925-1956.
4th ed. Edited by Martin Joos. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
Secondary source ("quoted
in...")
(Zukofsky 1931)
Zukofsky, L. 1931. Sincerity and objectification.
Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269. Quoted in B.
Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary possessions.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
Organization as author
(British Standards Institute 1985)
British Standards Institute. 1985. Specifications
for abbreviations of title words and titles of publications.
Linford Woods, Milton Keynes, UK: British Standards
Institute.
Journal article
(Smith 1998, 639-40)
Smith, John Maynard. 1998. The origin of altruism. Nature
393:639-40.
Magazine article
(Gourmet 2000)
Gourmet. 2000. Kitchen Notebook.
May.
For additional help and examples, consult The
Chicago Manual of Style Q & A or Sources.
- Permanence
Electronic sources
may change, or disappear. Accuracy should be verified
as close to publication as possible.
- Authority
Consider the author when assessing electronic
content. Content cited without formal ties to a publisher
or sponsoring body is equivalent to unpublished or self-published
material. However, anything posted on the Internet is
"published" in terms of copyright, and must
be accorded a complete citation and copyright permission,
if relevant.
- Publications Available
in Both Print and Electronic Forms
Authors must cite the specific format used, so the reader
can tell whether a print or online source was consulted.
- Access Dates
Chicago does not normally recommend including
them in the citation; however, for sources likely to
have substantive updates, or time-sensitive material,
the date of the author's last visit to the site may
be helpful. Access dates may be required
in your discipline.
- Page Numbers
When accurate page numbers are available, cite
the page range in the bibliography or reference list.
If individual page numbers are not available, add a
descriptive locator to the note or in-text citation.
- Personal Communications
References to telephone, in-person, by letter
or e-mail, conversations are usually incorporated into
the text, or given in a note. They are rarely listed
in the bibliography or reference list.
NEW directly
from the Manual Q & A: "Notwithstanding the advice
at 17.357, it can generally be considered unnecessary
to cite the name or URL of a third-party database that
provides access, typically through library Web sites,
to published material. Instead, cite the original publication
information of the article." (i.e., do not include
the URL for Ebscohost or any particular database; it is
helpful, however, to note the database name).
Public documents
(Illinois Constitution)
Illinois Constitution, art. 2, sec. 2. http://www.legis.state.il.us/commission/lrb/conmain.htm.
Online journals
(Warr and Ellison 2000, under "The
Consequences of Fear")
Warr, M., and C.G. Ellison. 2000. "Rethinking
Social Reactions to Crime: Personal and Altruistic Fear
in Family Households." American Journal of Sociology
106, no. 3 (November): 551-78. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/issues/v106n3/05125/05125.html.
(Hlatky et al. 2002)
Hlatky, Mark A., Derek Boothroyd, Eric Vittinghoff, Penny
Sharp, and Mary A. Whooley. 2002. "Quality-of-Life
and Depressive Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women after
Receiving Hormone Therapy: Results from the Heart and
Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) trial."
Journal of the American Medical Association 287,
no. 5 (February 6), http://jama.ama-assn.org/issues/v287n5/rfull/joc10108.html#aainfo
(accessed January 7, 2002).
Organization web site
(Federation of American Scientists)
Federation of American Scientists. Resolution
comparison: Reading license plates and headlines. http://www.fas.org/irp/imint/resolve5.htm.
News and journal databases
(Thomas 1956)
Thomas, Trevor M. 1956. "Wales: Land
of Mines and Quarries." Geographical Review
46, no.1:59-81. http://www.jstor.org/.
