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The Chicago Manual of Style: The Essential Guide for
Writers, Editors, and Publishers, 15th edition, is available
in the reference area of the library (PN147.C55 2003) and
may be checked out through our catalog.
This handout is intended as a very brief introduction to style
rules; consult the Manual for detail.
Two systems of documentation are offered: notes and
bibliography (used primarily in literature, history,
and the arts), and author-date (used primarily
in the physical, natural, and social sciences). Examples
of the different systems are available below, and details
about citing electronic sources
are provided.
This handout addresses the notes and
bibliography system - For additional help and examples, consult
The
Chicago Manual of Style Q & A.
In this system, bibliographic citations are
provided in endnotes or footnotes, and are quite concise.
A detailed bibliography follows at the end of the paper.
About Footnotes and Endnotes (section
16.19, pp. 599+)
- Notes are numbered consecutively
throughout the paper
- With two or more authors, use "and,"
not "&"
- With four or more authors, use the
first author's name followed by "et al."
- Page numbers are not preceded by
the abbreviation "p." or "pp."
- The note should follow punctuation:
"This," the man said, "is how to do it."²
- Begin the Endnotes on a separate
page after the text of your paper - title it "Notes"
- The first time you cite a source,
include publication information plus a specific page number
in the note. Subsequently, simply give the author's last
name, page cited.
- Ibid. (meaning "in the same
place") may be used to refer to the same source in
the note immediately preceding the current one - add the
page number if different from previous citation
About the Bibliography (section 16.71+, pp. 612+)
- Unlike the footnotes or endnotes,
which are numbered consecutively throughout the paper, the
bibliography will be arranged in alphabetical order by author
last name
- Do not indent the first line, but
do indent all subsequent lines.
- Personal communications may be noted,
but are rarely listed in the Bibliography
Examples
(Notes followed by Bibliography citation)
Book with one author
1. Wendy Doniger, Splitting the Difference: Gender and
Myth in Ancient Greece and India (Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1999), 23.
Doniger, Wendy. Splitting the Difference: Gender and
Myth in Ancient Greece and India. Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1999.
Book with two authors
2. Guy Cowlishaw and Robin Dunbar, Primate Conservation
Biology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000).
Cowlishaw, Guy, and Robin Dunbar. Primate Conservation
Biology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.
Book with more than three authors
3. Edward O. Laumann et al., The Social Organization
of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1994).
Laumann, Edward O., John H. Gagnon, Robert T. Michael, and
Stuart Michaels. The Social Organization of Sexuality:
Sexual Practices in the United States. Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1994.
Editor, translator, or compiler
4. Richmond Lattimore, trans., The Iliad of Homer
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951).
Lattimore, Richmond, trans. The Iliad of Homer.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951.
Chapter or other part of a book
5. Brendan Phibbs, "Herrlisheim: Diary of a Battle,"
in The Other Side of Time: A Combat Surgeon in World War
II (Boston: Little, Brown, 1987), 117-63.
Phibbs, Brendan. "Herrlisheim: Diary of a Battle."
Chap. 7 in The Other Side of Time: A Combat Surgeon in
World War II. Boston: Little, Brown, 1987.
Journal article
6. John Maynard Smith, "The Origin of Altruism,"
Nature 393 (1998): 639-40.Smith, John Maynard. "The
Origin of Altruism." Nature, 393 (1998): 639-40.
Smith, John Maynard. "The Origin of Altruism."
Nature 393 (1998): 639-40.
Secondary sources (as quoted in...)
7. Louis Zukofsky, "Sincerity and Objectification,"
Poetry 37 (February 1931):269, quoted in Bonnie Costello,
Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions (Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), 78.
Zukofsy, Louis. "Sincerity and Objectification."
Poetry 37 (February 1931):269, quoted in Bonnie Costello,
Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions (Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), 78.
Public documents
8. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, The
Mutual Security Act of 1956, 84th Cong, 2d sess., 1956,
S.Rep. 2273, 9-10.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations.
The Mutual Security Act of 1956. 84th Cong., 2d
sess., 1956. S. Rep. 2273.
- Permanence
Electronic sources may change, or disappear. Accuracy
should be verified as close to publication as possible.
- Authority
Consider the author when assessing electronic content.
Content cited without formal ties to a publisher or sponsoring
body is equivalent to unpublished or self-published material.
However, anything posted on the Internet is "published"
in terms of copyright, and must be accorded a complete citation
and copyright permission, if relevant.
- Publications Available in
Both Print and Electronic Forms
Authors must cite the specific format used, so the reader
can tell whether a print or online source was consulted.
- Access Dates
Chicago does not normally recommend including them
in the citation; however, for sources likely to have substantive
updates, or time-sensitive material, the date of the author's
last visit to the site may be helpful. Access dates may
be required in your discipline.
- Page Numbers
When accurate page numbers are available, cite
the page range in the bibliography or reference list. If
individual page numbers are not available, add a descriptive
locator to the note or in-text citation.
- Personal Communications
References to telephone, in-person, by letter or
e-mail, conversations are usually incorporated into the
text, or given in a note. They are rarely listed in the
bibliography or reference list.
NEW directly
from the Manual Q & A: "Notwithstanding the advice
at 17.357, it can generally be considered unnecessary to cite
the name or URL of a third-party database that provides access,
typically through library Web sites, to published material.
Instead, cite the original publication information of the
article." (i.e., do not include the URL for Ebscohost
or any particular database; it is helpful, however, to note
the database name).
Online Jounal Article
9. Mark A. Hlatky et al., "Quality-of-Life and Depressive
Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women after Receiving Hormone Therapy:
Results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement
Study (HERS) Trial," Journal of the American Medical
Association 287, no. 5 (2002), http://jama.ama-assn.org/issues/v287n5/rfull/joc10108.html#aainfo
(accessed January 7, 2002).
Hlatky, Mark A., Derek Boothroyd, Eric Vittinghoff, Penny
Sharp, and Mary A. Whooley. "Quality-of-Life and Depressive
Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women after Receiving Hormone Therapy:
Results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement
Study (HERS) Trial." Journal of the American Medical
Association 287, no. 5 (February 6, 2002), http://jama.ama-assn.org/issues/v287n5/rfull/joc10108.html#aainfo
(accesses January 7, 2002).
10. Mark Warr and Christopher G. Ellison, "Rethinking
Social Reactions to Crime: Personal and Altruistic Fear in
Family Households," American Journal of Sociology 106,
no. 3 (2000), under "The Consequences of Fear,"
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/issues/v106n3/05125/05125.html.
Warr, Mark, and Christopher G. Ellison. "Rethinking
Social Reactions to Crime: Personal and Altruistic Fear in
Family Households," American Journal of Sociology 106,
no. 3 (November 2000):551-78. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/issues/v106n3/05125/05125.html.
Online Magazine Article
11. Jessica Reaves, "A Weighty Issue: Ever-Fatter
Kids," interview with James Rosen, Time, March
14, 2001, http://www.time.com/nation/article/0,8599,102443,00.html.
Reaves, Jessica. "A Weighty Issue: Ever-Fatter
Kids." Interview with James Rosen. Time, March
14, 2001. http://www.time.com/nation/article/0,8599,102443,00.html.
News & Journal Databases
12. Beth Daley. "A Tale of a Whale: Scientists,
Museum Are Eager to Study, Display Rare Creature," Boston
Globe, June 11, 2002, third edition, http://www.lexis-nexis.com/.
Thomas, Trevor M. "Wales: Land of Mines
and Quarries." Geographical Review 46, no.1
(1956): 59-81. http://www.jstor.org/.
Web site
13. L.A. Adamic and B.A. Huberman. "The
Nature of Markets in the World Wide Web," working paper
(Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, 1999), http://www.parc.com/istl/groups/iea/www/webmarkets.html
(accessed March 1, 2001).
Adamic, L.A. and B.A. Huberman. "The Nature
of Markets in the World Wide Web." Working paper Xerox
Palo Alto Research Center, 1999. http://www.parc.com/istl/groups/iea/www/webmarkets.html
(accessed March 1, 2001).
Public Documents Online
14. Illinois Constitution, art. 2, sec. 2,
http://www.legis.state.il.us/commission/lrb/conmain.htm.
Illinois Constitution, art. 2, sec. 2. http://www.legis.state.il.us/commission/lrb/conmain.htm.
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