Equine Assisted Mental Health Bibliography

		Topic: Communicating with Animals Barnes, J. (1998).Creatures in the Storm. Weatherwise. Vol 51, Issue 5,Pg. 27-32.   Horses and hurricanes- what happens to the horses. What is their story before, during, and after? Survival instinct, and the assistance of pets to humans in trouble-Dogs, snakes, Wildlife, hogs, and horses, fish, and whales. Bekoff, M. (2000). Animal emotions: exploring passionate natures. Bioscience, 50(10).   Discusses whether some animals experience a full range of emotions. Theory of Charles Darwin that animals are emotional; Differences between primary emotions felt on impulse and secondary emotions which are evaluated and reflected; Questions as to whether animals experience secondary emotions; Examples of animals experiencing emotions such as joy and grief; Opinion that ignorance of an animal's emotions does not negate their existence. Article contents: Naturalizing the study of animal emotions, what are emotions, the nature and neural bases of animal passions: primary and secondary emotions, the study of animal minds: cognitive ethology, emotion and cognition, private minds, Charles Darwin and the evolution of animal emotions, Joy happiness and play, grief, romantic love, embarrassment, studying animal emotions, biocentric anthropomorphism, sharing the burden of proof, meeting the devil. Brandt, K. (2004). A language of their own: an interactionist approach to human-horse communication. Society & Animals, 12(4), 299-316.   This paper explores the process of human-horse communication using ethnographic data of in-depth interviews and participant observation. Guided by symbolic interactionism, the paper argues that humans and horses co-create a language system by way of the body to facilitate the creation of shared meaning. This research challenges the privileged status of verbal language and suggests that non-verbal communication and language systems of the body have their own unique complexities. This investigation of humanhorse communication offers new possibilities to understand the subjective and intersubjective world of non-verbal language using beingshuman and nonhuman alike. Topic: Communicating with Animals Brunke, D. (2004). Awakening to animal voices: a teen guide to telepathic communication with all life. USA: Bindu Books.   Animals are our teachers, comfortors, and friends. This book helps teens awaken their natural ability to communicate with animals. It shows teens how to open up more in depth to life, other humans, and the own internal process. The book teaches exersizes, games, stories, and experiments that lead one to tune into the quite whispers of nature. The teen will have the ability to discover their own personal animal guide, and shamanic spiritual tools, deamwork, visualizations, and shapeshifting. Topic: Communicating with Animals Candland, Douglas, K. Feral Children and Clever Animals: Reflections on Human Nature. Oxford University Press, 1995.   Rare documented cases of children being raised by animals. This book talks about documented cases of how animals have demonstrated thought before actions. It talks about how animals learn and the experimentation of knowledge. Topic: Communicating with Animals Gurney, C. (2001). The language of animals: 7 steps to communicating with animals . New York: Dell.   Gurneys question in not, When did we begin to be able to communicate with other species? but When did we stop? Gurney is one of the most down-to-earth and thorough writers on this topic. This book is based on her Heart Talk Program where she helps others learn better communication with their animal companions. She talks about how to choose an appropriate companion and how to prepare for the loss of ones companion. There is also discussion on how to ground oneself in order to communicate with the animals. Topic: Communicating with Animals McElroy, S. (2002). Heart in the wild. New York: Ballantine Books.   In this inspirational memoir, full of anecdotes about the animals she loves, McElroy recalls the flames that engulfed her home in rural Wyoming, where she lived with her mother and husband. Everyone, including domestic and farm animals, survived, but McElroy had to embark on the slow process of rebuilding. Topic: Communicating with Animals Myers, A. (1997). Communicating with animals : the spiritual connection between people and animals . 1st ed. McGraw-Hill.   There is a proven meaningful nonverbal conversation that humans may have with animals. This book will explore this communication along with the history of animal and human conversation whiles sharing some powerful case studies. Topic: Communicating with Animals Sheldrake, R. (1999). Dogs that know when their owners are coming home: and other unexplained powers of animals. New York: Three Rivers Press.   It's rare for a book's title to say so clearly what the book is about. In the case of Rupert Sheldrake's latest work, the controversial content is right on the front cover. Pet owners will see it and smile in recognition; skeptical scientists will shake their heads and mutter about "maverick scholars." We all know of cases of dogs (and cats) who know when their owners are coming home, who go to wait at the door or window 10 minutes or more before their human arrives. Conditioned by the tight rigor of contemporary scientific thinking, we either look for rational explanations or we file the phenomenon away in our minds as "unexplained" and are careful not to talk about it with our scientist friends. Smith, Julie Ann. "Resisting Metaphore: John Hawkes's Sweet William: A Memior of Old Horse." Papers on Language & Literature 38.4 (2002): 413-428.   Information about the thoughtlessness of humans toward our language in relation to animals. It reviews peices of the book "A Memior of Old Horse" by John Hawkes Stamps, Judy. "Motor Learning and the Value of Familiar Space." The American Naturalist 146.1 (1995): 41-58.   This article talks about the value of having a familiar home territory for animals and humans. Topic: Communicating with Animals Williams, M. (2003). Learning their language: intuitive communication with animals and nature. CA: New World Library.   The basis of any animal-human connection is from the innate sense of knowing and understanding. This is a skill that anyone may learn. Williams guides you on a step-by-step process of learning the animals language. She leads you through mental imagery, deep listening, listening to personal intuition, and visualization. She rounds the book up with real life accounts. Topic: Counseling Theories Ad, Diana, A. "If Your Mother Were an Animal, What Animal Would She Be? Creating Play-Stories in Family Therapy: The Animal Attribution Story-Telling Technique (AASTT)." Family process June 2004: 249-263.   A theraputic way to reach families. They use storytelling with assigning animals to each family member. Allows family members to talk about feelings and family traits in a nonthreatening way. Becvar, D.S., & Becvar, R.S. (1999). Family therapy: A systematic integration (4th edition). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Brammer, L.M., & Macdonald, G. (1998). The helping relationship: Process and Skills (7th ed).Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC Brown, D., & Brooks, L. (Eds.) (1996). Career choice and development: Applying contemporary theories to practice (3rd ed.).San Francisco, CA: Josey-Bass.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Brown, D., & Srebalus, D.J. (1996). An introduction to the counseling profession (2nd edition). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Brown, D., Pryzwansky, W.B., & Schulte, A.C. (1997). Psychological consultation: Introduction to theory and practice (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC Brown, J.H. & Christensen, D.N. (1998). Family therapy: Theory and practice (2nd edition). Wadsworth Publishing Company.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Carlson, J. & Lewis, J. (Eds) (1991). Family counseling: Strategies and issues. Denver, CO: Love Publishing Co.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Corey, G. (1999). Theory and practice of group counseling (5th ed.). Wadsworth Publishing Company:   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC Corey, G. (2000). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy (6th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC Corey, G., Corey, M.S., & Callanan, P. (2003). Issues and ethics in the helping professions (6th edition). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Corey, M.S., & Corey, G. (1997). Groups: Process and Practice (5th ed.). Wadsworth Publishing Company.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Corsini, R.J., & Wedding, D. (Ed.) (2000). Current psychotherapies (6th ed.).Itasca, IL: Peacock.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC Donigian, J., & Malnati, R. (1998). Critical incidents in group therapy (2nd ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Drummond, R.J., & Ryan, C.W. (1995). Career counseling: A developmental approach. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Egan, G. (1994). The skilled helper: A Problem-management approach to helping (5th ed.). Brooks/Cole.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC Fennell, D.L.. & Weinhold, B. (1989). Counseling families: An introduction to marriage and family therapy. Denver, CO: Love Publishing Co.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Gazda, G.M. (1989). Group Counseling: A developmental approach (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Gazda, G.M., Ginter, E.J., & Horne, A.M. (2000). Group counseling and group psychotherapy: Theory and application. Allyn & Bacon.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Gladding, S.T. (1999). Counseling: A comprehensive profession (4th edition). Prentice Hall.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Goldenberg, I. & Goldenberg, H. (1999). Family therapy: An overview (5th edition). Wadsworth Publishing Co.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Gurman, A. & Kniskern, D. (Eds.) (1991). Handbook of family therapy (2nd edition). New York, NY: Brunner/Mazeli.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Herlihy, B. & Corey, G. (2006). Boundary issues in counseling: Multiple roles and responsibilities (2nd edition). Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Herlihy, B. & Corey, G. (Eds.) (2006). ACA ethical standards casebook (6th edition). Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Hockney, H. & Cormier, L.S. (2000). The professional counselor: A process guide to helping (4th edition). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Isaacson, L.F. & Brown, D. (1999). Career information, career counseling & career development (7th edition). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Kapes, J.T., & Whitfield, E.A. (2001). A counselors guide to career assesment instruments (4th ed.). Alexandria, VA: Naional Career Development Association.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Kirby, J. (1985). Consultation: Practice and practitioners. Muncie, IN: Accelerated Development.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC Nichols, M.P. & Schwartz, R.C. (2000). Family therapy: Concepts and methods (5th edition). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Parker, W.M. (1998). Consciousness-raising: A primer for multi-cultural counseling (2nd ed). Springfield, IL: Thomas.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC Petersen, J.V. & Nisenholz, B. (1998). Orientation to counseling (4th edition). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Pope, K. and Vasquez, M. (1998). Ethics in psychotherapy and counseling (2nd edition). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Sharf, R. S. (1996). Applying career development theory to counseling (2nd edition). Wadsworth Publishing Company.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Sharf, R.S. (1993). Occupational information overview. Wadsworth Publishing Company.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Sue, D.W., & Sue, D. (1999). Counseling the culturally different: Theory and practice (3rd ed).New York, NY: Wiley.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC Vacc, N.A. & Loesch, L.C. (1994). A professional orientation to counseling (2nd edition). Muncie, IN: Accelerated Development, Inc.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Vacc, N.A., Witmer, J., & Devaney, S.B. (1994). Experiencing and counseling diverse populations (3rd ed). Bristol, PA: Accelerated Development.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC Welfel, E.R. (2002). Ethics in counseling and psychotherapy: Standards, research and emerging issues (2nd edition). Pacific Grove, CA: Wadsworth Group.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Yalom, I.D. (1995). Theory and practice of group psychotherapy (4th ed.). New York, NY: Basic.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Zunker, V.G. (1997). Career counseling: Applied concepts of life planning (5th edition). Wadsworth Publishing Company.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Topic: Developmental Psychology Ackerman, D. (1999). Deep play. New York: Random House   "Deep play" is what helps humans survive, grow, and spiritually transcend, according to acclaimed poet and author Diane Ackerman. Children are of course drawn to deep play--those activities that catapult them into an altered state of consciousness, where all their senses are engaged and for that moment life is timeless and fully absorbing. But few adults are conscious of how this form of deep play continues throughout adulthood. Anastasi, A. & Urbian, S. (1997). Psychological testing (7th edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Axelson, J.A. (1998). Counseling and development in a mulitcultural society (3rd ed). Pacific Grove, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC Brown, S. (2004). The human-animal bond and self psychology: toward a new understanding. Society & Animals, 12(1), 67-86.   The purpose of this paper is to introduce and define self psychology and its concepts (self and selfobject) so that they can be applied toward a new understanding of the human-nonhuman animal bond. The paper utilizes selected literature from both self psychology and the human-animal bond fields. The paper contains four primary conclusions: 1. Self psychology provides a unique model for understanding the depth and meaning of human-animal relationships; 2. Companion animals and humans can be equally important in their selfobject roles; 3. Self psychology can offer a model for understanding individual differences in attachment to companion animals; and 4. A future direction includes finding ways to assess self psychology constructs in order to measure the depth and function of the selfobject relationship. Cohen, R.J. & Swerdlik, M.E. (1998). Psychological testing and assessment: An introduction to tests and measurement (4th edition). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Press.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Craig, G.J. (1999). Human Development (8th ed). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Drummond, R.J. (1999). Appraisal procedures for counselors and helping professionals (4th edition). Prentice Hall.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Hergenhahn, B.R. (2000). An introduction to theories of learning (6th ed). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC Mehrens, W.A. & Lehmann, I.J. (1987). Using standardized tests in education (4th edition). White Plains, NY: Longman.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Mehrens, W.A. & Lehmann, I.J. (1991). Measurement and evaluation in education and psychology (3rd edition). Wadsworth Publishing Co.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Melson, G. (2001). Why the wild things are: animals in the lives of children. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.   The study of children, suggests Purdue professor Melson, has tended to be humanocentric, with the role of animals in childrens' lives ignored. Yet, as she amply demonstrates, young people often seem to have a closer relationship with their pets than they do with their parents. It is from animals, the author argues, that children first learn about love, loss, and loyalty; it is with animals that children learn how to nurture. Morris, C.J. (1999). Psychology: An Introduction (10th ed). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC Sears, D.O., Peplau, L.A., Freedman, J.L., & Taylor, S.E. (1999). Social Psychology (10th ed). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC Woodruff-Pak, D.S. (1997). The Neuropsychology of aging. Blackwell Publishing.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC Topic: EAMH Research Airasian, P., & Gay, L.R. (1999). Educational research: Competencies or analysis and applications (6th edition). Prentice Hall.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Airasian, P., & Gay, L.R. (1999). Educational research: Competencies or analysis and applications (6th edition). Prentice Hall.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Ary, D., Jacobs, L.C. & Razavich, A. (1996). Introduction to research in education (5th edition). Fort Worth, TX: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Best, J.W., & Kahn, J.V. (1997). Research in education (8th edition). Ally & Bacon.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Bizub, A. L., Joy, A., & Davidson L. (2003). "It's like being in another world": demonstrating the benefits of therapeutic horseback riding for individuals with psychiatric disability. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 26(4), 377.   Five adults with histories of psychiatric disabilities were recruited for a ten-week therapeutic horseback-riding program. By the end of ten weeks, the riders reported success in learning basic horsemanship, and in doing so, also reported additional pyschosocial benefits including an augmented sense of self-efficacy and self-esteem. In sum, this adjunctive therapy can facilitate the recovery process. Charles, C.M. (1997). Introduction to educational research (3rd edition). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Hays, W.L. (1997). Statistics (5th edition). New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Isaac, S. & Michael, W.B. (1995). Handbook in research and evaluation (3rd edition). San Diego, CA: Edits.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Isaac, S. & Michael, W.B. (1995). Handbook in research and evaluation (3rd edition). San Diego, CA: Edits.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Kaiser, L., Spence L. J., Lavergne A. G., and Vanden Bosch, K. L. (2004). Can a week of therapeutic riding make a difference?--a pilot study. Anthrozoos, 17(1), 63-72.   The objective of this research was to determine the effect of a five day riding camp on childrens anger, quality of life and perceived self-competence. Our study sample involved 16 able-bodied individuals with no known physical or psychological disability and no known history of psychotropic medications. The Childrens Anger Inventory, Peds Quality of Life, and Self-Perception Profile for Children were administered prior to riding on day one and after riding on day five. Results show that after five days of therapeutic riding camp, the total score of the Anger Inventory and scores for all sub-scales except frustration decreased significantly. Data analysis suggests that five days of therapeutic riding day camp can significantly impact anger. These changes may be related to the childs relationship with the horse, the social environment of camp, the horse and riding, increased contact with nature, or a combination of these factors. Kerlinger, F.N> & Lee, H.B. (2000). Foundations of behavioral research (4th edition). Harcourt College Publishers.   This text is reccomended as a potential resource for the NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION for LICENSURE and CERTIFICATION by the NBCC. Roberts, F. (2004). Equine-facilitated psychotherapy benefits students and children. Holistic Nursing Practice, 18(1), 32-35.   Baccalaureate nursing students who participated in equine-facilitated psychotherapy (EFP) clinical observation found that they could benefit as much from the program as the child clients. By identifying beneficial educational outcomes of this nontraditional learning assignment, the authors hope readers will explore similar possibilities for nurses at various stages of their professional development. (Abstract from Author) Vidrine, M., Owen-Smith, P., & Faulkner P. (2002). Equine-facilitated group psychotherapy: applications for therapeutic vaulting. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 23(6), 587-603.   In this day of high-tech, managed-care service delivery with an emphasis on medication and brief treatment, it is important for nurses to be aware of nontraditional treatment options that may be uniquely beneficial for some clients. Although it may still be considered a novelty, including animals in the healing milieu is not a new idea. Florence Nightingale herself suggested that "a small pet animal is often an excellent companion for the sick, for long chronic cases especially" (Nightingale, 1969, p. 102). Healing, according to one recent nursing article, can be seen as "a gradual awakening to a deeper sense of the self (and of the self in relation to others) in a way that effects profound change" (Dorsey & Dorsey, 1998, p. 36). Equine-facilitated psychotherapy, while not a new idea, is a little-known experiential intervention that offers the opportunity to achieve this type of awakening. This article looks at therapeutic vaulting as a method of Equine-Assisted Psychotherapy. It focuses on a program called Horse Time, which works with kids typically ages 7-10. Vaulting is done in a group therapy setting, which can be an advantage and a disadvantage. Activities include grooming and tacking the horse, warming the horse up, mounted and unmounted stretching exercises, and practicing vaulting moves. Activities develop skills such as responsibility, body awareness or attunement to another being. Many clients are foster children, who benefit from the routine and order of the vaulting sessions. The article discusses the areas of clients lives that show improvement after being involved in therapeutic vaulting, including social interaction and relationships with family; adaptability to new situations; and personal/emotional expression. Topic: Ecopsychology / Biophilia Andrews, L. (1989). Windhorse woman: a marriage of spirit. New York: Warner Books.   set in Nepal where Andrews's Amerindian entourage encounters ancient Indian wisdom, this latest entry reads more like a fairy tale than the ethnological fact it purports to be. She meets her tall, well-built, spirit husband Windhorse, who points her toward her androgynous balance of female and male energies within herself. Her hostess-guide Ani turns out to be a guran , one who can manifest herself as a snow leopard at will. A 10-year-old girl's death forces Andrews to face her own mortality. Her Himalayan jaunt is dotted with episodes of crystal power, tears of joy, wise women, rapt visions and talk of healing Mother Earth. Joy, M. (2005). Humanistic psychology and animal rights: reconsidering the boundaries of the humanistic ethic. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 45(1), 106-130.   Speciesism, discrimination against others based on membership in a species, is an ideology in which countless animals are sacrificed for human ends. This system may be supported by a set of problematic psychosocial processes that are detrimental to humans and nonhumans. Psychology, as the field that seeks to understand human motivation and helps define the parameters of social values and normative behavior, may be in a position to challenge the speciesist status quo. Specifically, humanistic psychology, with its emphasis on authenticity, personal integrity, social responsibility, ethics, empathy, and democracy, seems naturally poised to embrace a non-speciesist, animal rights perspective. However, virtually all psychological paradigms seem to sanction speciesism. This article explores the speciesist underpinnings of psychological thought and suggests a new paradigm that embraces many humanistic values with which to appreciate the role of other animals in human psychology and ontology and to work toward a more nonviolent social order. Kowalski, G. (1991). The souls of animals. NH: Stillpoint Publishing.   In this book, author Gary Kowalski offers vignettes from the lives of creatures that illustrate the qualities he considers spiritual: playfulness, capacity for love, altruism, and awareness of death. Malamud, R. (2003). How people and animal coexist. Chronicle of Higher Education, 49(20).   Our culture manifests a tremendous consciousness of animals, for good and for bad. The $30-billion-per-year American pet industry may testify to people's closeness with companion animals, or it may indicate the commodification of our furry friends. The fashion fad of animal-print clothing may signify an appreciative sense of connection with zebras and leopards, or a cheap, irreverent appropriation of their biological beauty. Zoos are becoming much better, we are told (usually by zookeepers), but what exactly does that mean: more reflective of our ecological interconnectedness with animals and more responsive to complaints about mistreated animals? Or just more adept at deflecting criticism by providing greener venues, where animals are just as exiled as ever from their natural habitats but people feel less guilty about the spectacle? Animal movies proliferate: Free Willy, Babe, Stuart Little, The Horse Whisperer, A Bug's Life -- but do those indicate interest in seeing animals in any intellectually meaningful way, or are we simply coopting them into infotainment? Morton, E. (1992). Animal talk: science and the voices of nature. New york: Random House.   This book is a fascinating study of the sounds and actions of the animal kingdom and what they mean. The author offers his own concept of how this complex animal communication system developed, and believes that this was the forerunner of human communication. Mullin, M. (1999). Mirrors and windows: sociocultural studies of human-animal relationships. Annual Review of Anthropology, 28(1), 201-225.   Humans' relationships with animals, increasingly the subject of controversy, have long been of interest to those whose primary aim has been the better understanding of humans' relationships with other humans. Since this topic was last reviewed here, human-animal relationships have undergone considerable reexamination, reflecting key trends in the history of social analysis, including concerns with connections between anthropology and colonialism and with the construction of race, class, and gender identities. There have been many attempts to integrate structuralist or symbolic approaches with those focused on environmental, political, and economic dimensions. Human-animal relationships are now much more likely to be considered in dynamic terms, and consequently, there has been much interdisciplinary exchange between anthropologists and historians. Some research directly engages moral and political concerns about animals, but it is likely that sociocultural research on human-animal relationships will continue to be as much, if not more, about humans. Parfit, M. (2004). Whale of a tale. Smithsonian, 35(8).   Focuses on Luna, an orca that settled off of Vancouver Island. Ways in which killer whales are identified; Discussion of the relationship between man and animals; Growth of the academic discipline of anthrozoology; Ways in which an animal's anthropomorphic characteristics can affect a person's attitudes; Discussion of orcas and whales as social animals; Dangers posed to animals through contact with humans. R. (2004). Animal relatives, difficult relations. Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies, 15(1), 1-23.   The title of this essay points to two sets of interrelated difficulties. Those in the first set arise chronically from individual psychologically complex and often ambivalent relations to animals. The second set reflects the intellectually and ideologically crisscrossed connections among the various discourses currently concerned with those relations, including the movement for animal rights, ecological ethics, posthumanist theory, and such fields as primatology and evolutionary psychology. Among the most extensively documented sites of continuity between humans and other animal species is that of sociality itself, including the ability to distinguish family members from non-kin and members of one's own social group from strangers, newcomers, and outsiders. The imaginative intimacy of human with animal in myth, totem, fable, and fantasy is no less profound in origin, or significant in effect than the forms of kinship indicated by the observations of ethology or deductions of moral theory. Topic: Ecopsychology / Biophilia Ritvo, H. (1995). Border trouble: shifting the line between people and other animals. Social Research, 62(3).   This article considers the issue of the kind and the degree of the difference between human beings and the rest of the animal kingdom. Animals constitute a single group in some sense equivalent to the group that includes only humans, and the significant distinction between the groups is that humans resemble god, and animals do not. Thus, as so often, distinction is inevitably invidious; and separation is inextricable from hierarchy. Corollary to this fundamental human/animal dichotomy is the notion that what is good in people reflects their closeness to god, and what is bad in them reflects their closeness to animals. Topic: Ecopsychology / Biophilia Roszak, T., Gomes, M., & Kanner, A. (1995). Ecopsychology: restoring the earth, healing the mind. San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club Books.   Here is the first in-depth exploration of an exciting new field, presenting revolutionary concepts of mental health along with a vision of renewal for the environmental movement. Topic: Ecopsychology / Biophilia Serpell, J. (1996). In the company of animals: a study of human-animal relationships. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press .   In the Company of Animals is an original and very readable study of human attitudes to the natural world. It contrasts the way we love some animals while ruthlessly exploiting others; it provides a detailed and fascinating account of ways in which animal companionship can influence our health Topic: Ecopsychology / Biophilia Sewall, L. (1999). Sight and sensibility; the ecopsychology of perception. New York: Putnam.   In the tradition of A Natural History of the Senses, Laura Sewall, an esteemed expert in ecopsychology shows how expanding the way we see the natural world can improve the way we relate to it. In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in the connection between the human psyche and the natural environment. Fueled by a growing awareness of worldwide ecological degradation, an entirely new field of study, called ecopsychology, has emerged. At universities across the country, scientists are learning how the decline of our planet's environment affects not just our physical health but also our minds and emotions. Laura Sewall, Ph.D., is one of ecopsychology's pioneers and an expert in the study of the visual process. In combining these fields, she has determined that the sense of sight is key to understanding and potentially reversing the effects of ecological destruction. In Sight and Sensibility--the first book on ecopsychology for lay readers--Sewall draws on her fieldwork studying the visual behavior of baboons and teaching vision improvement to trace the evolution of human sight and the cultural development of different ways of seeing. She shows how we can restructure the neural networks that determine how we see, awaken to visual patterns and depth perception, and learn to see more of the world around us. A contemporary companion to John Berger's classic Ways of Seeing, Sight and Sensibility is a dazzling blend of science, psychology, and poetry. amazon.com book description Topic: Ecopsychology / Biophilia Shepard, P. (1996). The others: how animals made us human. Washington, D.C.: Shearwater Books.   With The Others: How Animals Made Us Human Shepard, who died in 1996, wrote a masterful book about the relationship we've always had with animals. The idea behind the book, that humans have always depended on animals, and that the dependence has greatly affected what we are, seems simple at first. But Shepard combined prodigious scholarship with eloquent writing to produce a very entertaining and informative look at that special relationship. Topic: Ecopsychology / Biophilia Starr, D. (2006). Animal passions. Psychology Today, 93(2).   The article examines the emotional characteristics of animals. According to nueroscientist Jaak Panksepp, mammals display not only the primitive drives of fear and rage but the softer emotions of love and nurturance, curiosity and play. Based on a research, actual emotions reside in the neocortex, the top level of the brain and the seat of language and thought. Emotions in the ancient brain structure called the PAG help animals recognize social situations that enhance survival. Swabe, Joanna. "Animals, Disease and Human Social Life: The Human-Animal Relatioship Reconsidered." Humans and Other Animals. 22 Sep 2001. Humans and other Animals. 03 Apr. 2006 .   This article talks about domestic animals and the sociological debate of how mankind is and has always been dependent on the exploitation of animals for his existence, the changing nature of these dependencies, and the consequences of this relationship. Topic: Experiential and Adventure-based Learning Bandoroff, S., & Newes, S. (2004). Coming of age: the evolving field of adventure therapy. Boulder, CO: Association for Experiential Education.   This book brings together a group of articles from the third International Adventure Therapy Conference in 2003. Together they offer an overview of the field in the new millenium, boasting a strong collection from the field's leading international figures. Topic: Experiential and Adventure-based Learning DePrekel, M., & Welsch, T. (1999). Animal-assisted educational curriculum.   This manual covers math, art, english, science, math, and social skills incorporating animals into the curriculum. Topic: Experiential and Adventure-based Learning Gass, M. (1993). Adventure therapy: therapeutic applications of adventure programming. Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt Publishing Company.   Gass' work in adventure therapy enabled him to write on the prescriptive use of adventure experiences to produce lasting functional change. Simpson, S. (2003). The leader who is hardly known: self-less teaching from the chinese tradition. Oklahoma City, OK: Wood 'N' Barnes Publishing & Distribution.   This book delivers the messages of modesty, moderation and simplicity to offer a perspective upon which an intelligent philosophy of experiential education can be built. Topic: Facilitation Skills Boyatzis, R., & McKee, A. (2005). Resonant leadership: renewing yourself and connecting with others through mindfulness, hope, and compassion. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing.   Boyatzis and McKee start by describing the highly stressful conditions in which leaders operate today, and explain sympathetically how many well-intentioned people fall into what they call "dissonance" due to burnout. Whereas the authors' earlier book focused on the initial ingredients for leadership effectiveness, their interest now is in ongoing, enduring resonance--leaders who can be effective today, but also maintain their edge into tomorrow, as well Heider, J. (1985). The tao of leadership: lao tzu's tao te ching adapted for a new age. Atlanta, GA: Humanics New Age.   The Tao of Leadership is an invaluable tool for anyone in a position of leadership. This book provides the simplest and clearest advice on how to be the very best kind of leader: be faithful, trust the process, pay attention, and inspire others to become their own leaders. Heider's book is a blend of practical insight and profound wisdom, offering inspiration and advice. Kalisch, K. (1999). The role of the instructor: in the outward bound educational process. Kearney, NE: Morris Publishing.   This book goes through the various roles of an instructor including a description of each role along with effective tools to use when in the various roles Luckner, J., & Nadler, R. (1997). Processing the experience: strategies to enhance and generalize learning. 2nd ed. Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt Publishing Company.   Making experiences usable, relevant, far reaching, and connected to existent knowledge are the goals of this book. This book is helpful for facilitators in developing the seeds of experience into a rich and meaningful story that can inspire participants throughout the seasons of their lives. Topic: Foundations of EAMH (2004). Helping hooves. People, 62(13), 108. www.guidehorse.org   The article looks at pony Petie and Victory Gallop, a therapeutic riding center. It's hard to say which is more startling, the sight of Petie the pony strolling the wards at Akron Children's Hospital in Ohio--or seeing him matter-of-factly trot through the hospital's revolving doors and casually ride the glass-walled elevators as he makes his twice-monthly rounds. Once on the floor, the 13-year-old miniature horse-and-pony mix pays bedside visits to the young patients. Petie has been a fixture at Akron since 1997. Before Petie can clip-clop his way down the halls, he must undergo a painstaking cleansing process, beginning with an hour-long bath and shampoo; he also has his hooves and tail wrapped in veterinarian's tape to keep them clean. As for bathroom breaks, "he's what we consider housebroken" for two-hour increments, says Sue Miller, cofounder along with Kim Gustely of Victory Gallop, a therapeutic riding center in Bath, Ohio, that Petie now calls home. Topic: Foundations of EAMH Colclasure, D. (2004). To greener pastures. Women recovering from eating disorders find healing, hope, and horses at Remuda Ranch, American Fitness, Vol 22, Issue(4), Pgs. 49-50.   Abstract: Features Remuda Ranch in Wickenburg, AZ which provides equine therapy for adolescent girls with anorexia and bulimia. Difference of the therapy programs of Remuda with other ranch-based programs; Challenge faced by the ranch; Use of horses as means of therapy. Irwin, C. (2001). Horses don't lie: what horses teach us about our natural capacity for awareness, confidence, courage and trust. New York, NY: Marlowe & Company.   Irwin explains why trust and honesty are essential elements in building relationships with horses, and why the sensitivity and awareness that characterize a horse's perception of the world are qualities we can use to enrich our own lives. Irwin, C. (2005). Dancing with your dark horse: how horse sense helps us find balance, strength, and wisdom. New York, NY: Marlowe & Company.   This book offers a new approach to personal empowerment inspired by the fascinating spiritual connection he has discovered between horses and humans. Irwin, C. (n.d.). Horses help with human psychotherapy. Retrieved Feb. 26, 2006, from Horses Help with Human Psychotherapy Web site: http://www.equisearch.com/eqirwin813.   Chris Irwin is naturally a beautiful rider and trainer, and his explanation of how horses are such great teachers for humans is honest and straight forward. He talks about Carl Jung's ideas on archetype in an uncomplicated way that is intriguing and interesting, and examines the ways in which horses can be a direct connection into the human unconscious. Janus, S. (1997). The magic of horses: horses as healers. Hygiene, CO: SunShine Press Publications.   Horses give us everything they have; their strength, power, grace, beauty and unconditional love. This wonderful collection of stories show how those gifts can enhanced lives, both human and equine. It is a book of overcoming the obstacles life throws at us all, with a little help from your friends. Kersten , G., & Thomas, L. (2000). Equine assisted psychotherapy: training manual level 1. 2nd ed. : EAGALA Inc. .   This manual is for assisting in training people interested in EAP. Throughout the manual a number of sessions and activities are presented. Kohanov, L. (2001). The tao of equus: a woman's journey of healing & transformation through the way of the horse. Novato, CA: New World Library.   The Tao of Equus, which literally translates as "the way of the horse," explores the possibility that horses are highly evolved, spiritual beings who offer humans opportunities for healing and personal growth. Kohanov, L. (2003). Riding between the worlds: expanding our potential through the way of the horse. Novato, CA: New World Library.   A follow up to The Tao of Equus, this book introduces new, provacative theories about the human-horse connection, theories supported by in-depth evidence from the round pen. McCormick, A. (1990). At home on many ranges. Introduced into the Hemisphere as the Spanish War Horse, the Peruvian Paso is now helping to conquer mental illness, Americas Vol 42, Issue 3, Pg.14.   Summary: This article talks about the history of the Puruvian Paso Horse. As well, it goes into further detail on the qualities of the animal that make it such a great assistant in the therapy process for the mentally ill recovering from psychosis. McCormick, A., & McCormick, M. (1997). Horse sense and the human heart: what horses can teach us about trust, bonding, creativity and spirituality. Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications Inc, .   Can horses really teach us to be better human beings? In this groundbreaking work, you will discover that the answer is a resounding "Yes".You will read case after fascinating case of people discarded by society and the psychiatric community whose lives were turned around by the intuitive guidance and friendship of their equine therapists. McCormick, A., McCormick, M. & McCormick, T. (2004). Horses and the mystical path: the celtic way of expanding the human soul. Novato, CA: New World Library.   A memorable trip to Scotland leads these psychotherapists to the belief that Celtic mysticism holds important insights into equestrian-partnered spirituality. Moreau, L., & McDaniel, B. Equine facilitated mental health: a field guide for practice.   This manual is helpful for individuals interested in EAP, working in an EAP program, participating in EAP. It goes into program management, therapy options, different populations, and things to consider when working in this field. Rashid, M. (2000). Horses never lie: the heart of passive leadership. Boulder, CO: Johnson Books.   Mark Rashid breaks new ground by challenging the longstanding belief that a person must become the "alpa leader" in order to work with horses. Instead, "Horses Never Lie" teaches you how to become a "passive leader"a reflection of the kind of horse other members of a herd choose to be around and to follow. Rector, B. (2005). Adventures in awareness: learning with the help of horses. Bloomington, IN: Authorhouse.   The Handbook of Equine Facilitated Experiential Learning through the lens of Adventures In Awareness offers the theory, principles and practice of equine inner-active exercises for wellness work with horses.Outlined in detail is AIA's 5 DAY Equine Facilitated Experiential Learning CurriculumT, an enrichment and prevention program for at risk youth, and those with severe emotional and behavioral disturbances; it features the AIAT process. AIA promotes working with horses as a reflective and reflection experience, mirroring personal and interpersonal relationships. The specially designed interactive and inner-active exercises develop communication (including interspecies) skills, promote team building, promote self developed insights and contribute to the ability to be responsible for self. The basic AIA principle is that awake aware responsible individuals living the Adventures In Awareness safety agreement make healthy behavior choices. Taylor, S. M. (2001). Equine assisted psychotherapy: an emerging field. Retrieved Apr. 20, 2006, from Equine Psychotherapy Web site: www.equinepsychotherapy.org/thesis.pdf.   This paper reviews literature from the field of animal assisted therapy (AAT) with an emphasis on equine facilitated psychotherapy (EFP) for the purpose of furthering the efforts of psychotherapists in utilizing this modality in practice. Equine Facilitated Mental Health (EFMH) is developing field within psychotherapy in terms of theory, practice, and research. As with any developing field, the literature on practice isgreater than on research and theory. This presents a major obstacle in the field being established as a major modality of treatment. Current practitioners fall into categories on a continuum from those who are willing to experiment with new therapies to those who are calling for solid research. An excitement embodies this new field as those who love horses step out to share with clients their understanding of what they know about horses as healers vehicles for healing and change. Those insisting on solid research recognize that the field has moved forward in spite of lack of scientific evidence which tests the assumptions of the believers. If those involved in this emerging work are willing to engage in research, the establishment of proper credentialing, setting of standards, and the development of professional organizations responsible for oversight, the field will be enriched and join the list of accepted practices. If the field continues to grow in practice without attending to these steps, ethical questions will be raised as to whether licensed mental health professionals are providing services which are not in fact therapeutic and may bring harm to clients. Tayolor, S, M. (Ed.). (2001). Equine Facilitated Psychotherapy:An Emerging Feild. Colchester, VT: Winooski Park.   Talks about historical work with animals in therapy, the human- animal relationship, human-horse relationship, benefits of animal assisted therapy, research, anecdotal evidence, equine assisted psychotherapy, experiential work, therapeutic benefits, family therapy, cognitive therapy, play therapy, role of therapist, ethical issues, and more Tramutt, J. (2003). Opening the gate: cultivating self awareness and self acceptance through equine-facilitated psychotherapy. Retrieved Apr. 20, 2006, from Equine Psychotherapy Web site: www.equinepsychotherapy.org/jacey.pdf.   Equine-facilitated psychotherapy is a powerful, illustrative therapy modality that cultivates relationship between clients and horse(s) and helps people gain self-awareness and bring self-acceptance to parts of themselves that have been denied or repressed. Furthermore, equine-facilitated psychotherapy encourages clients to quit struggling against themselves, as opposed to identifying or labeling something that needs to be fixed or eliminated such as depression or anxiety. When people are able to genuinely experience whatever they think and feel, and act in a way that is congruent with this, horses respond by wanting to engage in relationship, which can lead to clients having a corrective emotional experience. This is an unexpected gift for many who believe that being genuine with what they think and feel and having their actions reflect this is a sure way to drive away relationship rather than to invite it. Clients then are able to experience what it is like to be authentic in relationship with another living being, rather than being tied to the conditioned ideas of who they should and should not be. When people experience this, they can be their own authority, and make choices about life from their genuine self. This ability cultivates happiness, intimacy, and mental health as the true self is being honored. Webb, W. (2002). It's not about the horse: it's about overcoming fear and self-doubt. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House Inc,.   Wyatt Webb blends horse sense with common sense in a revolutionary new form of therapy. Witter, R. (1998). Living with horsepower: personally empowering life lessons learned from the horse. North Pomfret, VT: Trafalgar Square Publishing.   Witter has uncovered the intriguing secret of the horse-human relationship. What makes these people different? She has compiled an inspiring work of anecdotal and intimate insights from over seventy members of the horse world. Topic: General Animal Assisted Therapy Savage, D. G. (1996). When bites are worse than barks. ABA Journal, 82(9), 38.   This article addresses the ethics behind the bite and hold policy that policy officers enforce within the K-9 counterparts. Police dogs are often times more efficient than actual officers when it comes to speed, agility and ability to slip into small spaces. When dogs are released to hunt down a suspect, they have been trained to bite and hold the suspect on an arm of leg until an officer reaches the scene. However, in a few cases this procedure has led to unnecessary fatalities. Once a K-9 on duty killed a burglar because it bit the man in the neck. Other cases have surfaced as well where the bites are too deep or cause other significant wounds. Now the bite and hold policy has been changed to find and bark but its up for debate whether or not this tactic is as efficient in catching criminals. (2004). Helping hooves. People, 62(13), 108. www.guidehorse.org   The article looks at pony Petie and Victory Gallop, a therapeutic riding center. It's hard to say which is more startling, the sight of Petie the pony strolling the wards at Akron Children's Hospital in Ohio--or seeing him matter-of-factly trot through the hospital's revolving doors and casually ride the glass-walled elevators as he makes his twice-monthly rounds. Once on the floor, the 13-year-old miniature horse-and-pony mix pays bedside visits to the young patients. Petie has been a fixture at Akron since 1997. Before Petie can clip-clop his way down the halls, he must undergo a painstaking cleansing process, beginning with an hour-long bath and shampoo; he also has his hooves and tail wrapped in veterinarian's tape to keep them clean. As for bathroom breaks, "he's what we consider housebroken" for two-hour increments, says Sue Miller, cofounder along with Kim Gustely of Victory Gallop, a therapeutic riding center in Bath, Ohio, that Petie now calls home. (2005). Wronged. Economist, 376(8441), 12.   The article asserts that science does not deserve to be the target of protests over animal rights. People have good reason to care about the welfare of animals. Ever since the Enlightenment, their treatment has been seen as a measure of mankind's humanity. But when everyday lives are measured against such principles, they are fraught with contradictions. Those who would never dream of caging their cats and dogs guzzle bacon and eggs from ghastly factory farms. The abattoir and the cattle truck are secret places safely hidden from the meat-eater's gaze and the child's story book. Plenty of people who denounce the fur-trade quite happily wear leather (also from farmed animals). Perhaps the inconsistency is understandable. After hundreds of years of thinking about it, people cannot agree on a system of rights for each other, so the ground is bound to get shakier still when animals are included. The trouble is that confusion and contradiction open the way to the extremist. And because scientific research is remote from most people's lives, it is particularly vulnerable to their campaigns. In fact, science should be the last target, wherever you draw the boundaries of animal welfare. For one thing, there is rarely an alternative to using animals in research. If there were, scientists would grasp it, because animal research is expensive and encircled by regulations. Animal research is also for a higher purpose than a full belly or an elegant outfit. Topic: General Animal Assisted Therapy All, Anita, C., Gary, L. Loving, and Laura Lee Crane. "Animals, Horse Back Riding, and the Implications for Rehibilitation Therapy." Journal of Rehabilitation. (1999): 49-57.   This article reviewes other literature written about animal assisted therapies, ways in which animals have been utilized as interventions, therapy outcomes, health and social therapy outcomes, therapeutic horseback riding and the outcomes of it, psychosocial outcomes, the implication of non-traditional therapies and alternative treatments. Topic: General Animal Assisted Therapy Animal Freedom, (2006). animal care for therapy, who is the better for it?. Retrieved Mar. 05, 2006, from www.animalfreedom.org/english/   Animal therapy should be seen as a three way street. It should encourage growth within the patient, the animal, as well as in the facilitator. But too often one link is forgotten in favor of another. The drawbacks of animal therapy told through real life stories from around the world. Topic: General Animal Assisted Therapy Becker, M. (2002). The healing power of pets: harnessing the amazing ability of pets to make and keep people happy and healthy. New York, NY: Hyperion   Becker shows readers how the human animal relationship can be instrumental in promoting well being. Topic: General Animal Assisted Therapy Brandt, John, R. "This Is About Elephants-Really." Brandt On Leadership (2001). 19 May 2006 .   This article is about elephants and how they never forget. How their social memory is a collaboration of memories passed down from family elders. He draws a paralell between humans and business and how they could learn a lesson. Topic: General Animal Assisted Therapy Bryant, Clifton, D., and William, E. Snizek. "On the Trail of the Centaur." Society Mar/Apr 1993: 25-35.   This article talks about human/animal interactions and the symbolism animals have posed in the human life throughout history. Burleson, J. (2006). Helping hooves. Kittrell, NC: Rampant Techpress.   Janet Burleson shares the amazing Guide Horse training story. With many lives depending on her work, learn how and why Janet developed the training program to prepare the horses for the important task of keeping their blind companions safe. Chandler, C. (2005). Animal assisted therapy in counseling. New York, NY: Routledge.   Provides information on the use of assisted animal therapy (AAT) in counseling sessions. Topics covered include research in AAT, animal selection for therapy work, training, evaluation, and risk management in AAT. Also discusses AAT techniques, sensitivity to cultural differences, and crisis response counseling. Topic: General Animal Assisted Therapy Chandler, Cynthia K. (2005). Animal assisted therapy in counseling. Taylor and Francis, Inc.   This book delineates Animal Assisted Therapy (AAT) counseling techniques. Supported by case examples, the book explains how to select, train and evaluate an animal for therapy work. The book examines ethical considerations and risk management, provides a history of AAT, and discusses the latest empirical research in the field. The author also includes guidelines for establishing a university-based program for AAT training. Sample forms to be used in screening clients and recording session data are included as well as a series of separate illustrations (line drawings of animals) to facilitate some of the recommended AAT techniques. This book is designed for use in training courses for AAT in counseling and related programs (such as social work, psychology, and rehabilitation counseling). To date, there is no book dedicated to teaching techniques specific to AAT. This book will fill that need. D. Snider, E. (2006, Jan 18). The natural history of the chicken (documentary). Eric D. Snider Movie Reviews, Retrieved Mar 05, 2006, from http://www.ericdsnider.com/movies/the-natural-history-of-the-chicken   This article reviews a documentary directed by Mark Lewis called The Natural History of the Chicken in which he explores benefits of having a human/chicken bond apart from using them as food. The documentary follows personal stories that reinforce the idea that dogs/cats/ and or horses are not the only animals with therapeutic benefits. Having seen the documentary personally, I think it would not only be entertaining but very pertinent to watch this documentary because it may help us step out of the animal assisted box that we can often get ourselves into while at the same time taking a stand against thoughtless animal slaughter. Topic: General Animal Assisted Therapy Delta society pets + patients = rx for health. Animal Fair, Retrieved Feb 13, 2006, from Http://www.animalfair.com/afcares_tds.html   Imagine that you are in a hospital or nursing home. Wouldn't a therapy session seem less like work - and wouldn't you be more motivated - if your gentle animal partner were there to offer help? Tammy Renaud of Hope Therapy thinks so, sharing that "children in burn units have it hard.... Bringing an animal into the hospital like this makes them almost feel like they are home with their own pets, and that is very important to them." This is what animal-assisted therapy (AAT) is all about - and it is effective and safe thanks to Delta Society and our AAT Services. DePrekel, M., & Welsch, T. (1999). Educational and therapeutic animal-assisted activities and animal-assisted therapy lesson plans.   This manual contains twenty lesson plans for using animals in a variety of educational and therapeutic settings for different populations. DePrekel, M., & Welsch, T. (2000). Animal-assisted therapeutic interventions.   This manual looks at fourteen DSM-IV-R diagnosis and the use of AAT as a benefical treatment option. DePrekel, M., & Welsch, T. (2000). Hands-on animal-assisted therapy and education activities.   This manual is the third in its series focusing on hands-on AAA/AAT activities for use in a variety of settings. Topic: General Animal Assisted Therapy Dold, C. For rescue dogs "no things better than a live find". Smithsonian, 28(5), 72.   Looks in at a training weekend in Colorado sponsored by the Search and Rescue Dogs of Colorado (SARDOC). The amount and variety of training needed to be a guide dog; Advice from SARDOC handlers; Why dogs are skilled in detection; Different varieties of searches, such as cadaver searches; Number of search and rescue dogs in the United States certified by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Topic: General Animal Assisted Therapy Esordi, R. (2000). You have a visitor: observations on pet visitation and therapy.. San Diego , CA: Blue Lamm Pub.   Photographer Renee Lamm Esordi accompanied volunteers and their pets on visits to hospitals, nursing homes, a school for special needs children, a psychiatric program, and a youth camp for troubled teens. Candid interviews with health practitioners, staff, and volunteers describe the challenges and rewards of AAT in their own words. Fine , A. (2000). Handbook on animal-assisted therapy: theoretical foundations and guidelines for practice. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.   This book is a complete, thorough, and in-depth overview of the ways that animals can assist human therapists. Specific use in hospitals, prisons, and independent practices is covered. Information on how to design an Animal Assisted Therapy (AAT) program as well as the value that an AAT program can have in human therapy is included. Flom, B. (2005). Professional school counseling. Counseling with Pocket Pets: Using Small Animals in Elementary Counseling Programs., 8(5), 469-471.   "Numerous studies have shown the beneficial effects of animals on the health and adjustment of individuals, including children. School counselors can use small animals such as hamsters, gerbils, and guinea pigs as an effective adjunct intervention. Pocket pets help build rapport, enhance the counseling relationship, and facilitate work on issues including feelings, responsibility, grief, and attachment." (Abstract from the author) Flom, B. L. (2005). Counseling with pocket pets: using small animals in elementary counseling programs. Professional School Counseling, 8(5).   This article addresses the affect that small animals, such as hamsters, gerbils and guinea pigs, can have on young students in elementary school. These pocket pets have shown to be useful in teaching young children about responsibility, social skills, aggressive behavior, grief and loss, relationships and attachment. Even though these small animals arent trained for therapeutic purposes, their existence can be perceived as such. Barbara Flom expressed how the relationships that kids have with these pocket pets can be easily transferred to human interactions and that the animals teach these life skills better than any book. When kids are really nervous about the first day of school, and they see that the hamster in the classroom is too due to a new environment with a big crowd, the children will make suggestions on how to make the new change easier for the hamster to adapt and then they exhibit the behaviors themselves. If kids are portraying aggressive behavior, Barbara will not let them hold the class pet until they calm down, otherwise the hamster might bite if agitated. Seeing as these small animals live for about 2 to 5 years, when they die the kids are able to experience grief and loss on a small scale. Through this they can learn how to move on from their attachment with the animal but still understand that it is ok to be upset over such an event. In terms of the maintenance that these animals require, Barbara said that when assigning student chores in classroom the kids would always want to take care of the hamster cage, making sure it is fed and the cage is clean. Upon rotation, each student gets a turn to take care of the class pet and the feeling of having another living thing rely on these young students, immensely develops their responsibility skills. In addition to having these pocket pets, Barbara insists that the children are much more engaged and learn the same life lessons they would out of a book. It is more fun for them with a small animal and all their interactions with it are easily applicable to other life situations. Honsch, J. D. (2000). A helping paw: guide dogs provide the blind with vision, independence and love. Retrieved Feb. 13, 2006, from Working Dogs Web site: Http://www.workingdogs,com./vcguidedog.htm   For years, the visually imparied have relied on guide dogs to be their eyes to the world. To many blind people however, guide dogs are so much more then that. THey are partners, companions, and dear friends they hold close to the heart. Topic: General Animal Assisted Therapy http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/9803/28/dolphin.therapy/ Dolphin therapy: recreation or therapy?   This story, covered by CNN and posted March 28, 1998 on the Health Story Page, addresses a controversial issue regarding dolphin therapy. Doctors at the Human Dolphin Therapy Center in Miami believe that dolphins have the ability to help treat individuals suffering from autism, Down syndrome and other neurological and movement disorders. Many outside doctors are skeptical of this claim but admit that dolphins can be therapeutic to people with depression and learning disabilities. Professionals working at the dolphin facility in Miami say that they have a 97% success rate, and they believe that the process lies within the sonar ability within dolphins. They say that dolphins use this ability to identify neurological disorders and help people relax to open up to healing. A lack of sound studies to support dolphin therapy is what makes this topic controversial, despite the measurable evidence doctors at the dolphin center have gained from their work thus far. Huntington, S. J. (1997). Training dogs to be heroes. Christian Science Monitor, 90(15), 16.   Looks at the training of search and rescue dogs. How the dogs use their sense of smell to find people; History of using dogs for search and rescue; The relationship between the dogs and their handlers; The training required for both dog and handler; Comments from trainer Nancy Hachmeister. INSET: The ideal search dog. Joy, M. (2005). Humanistic psychology and animal rights: reconsidering the boundaries of the humanistic ethic. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 45(1), 106-130.   Speciesism, discrimination against others based on membership in a species, is an ideology in which countless animals are sacrificed for human ends. This system may be supported by a set of problematic psychosocial processes that are detrimental to humans and nonhumans. Psychology, as the field that seeks to understand human motivation and helps define the parameters of social values and normative behavior, may be in a position to challenge the speciesist status quo. Specifically, humanistic psychology, with its emphasis on authenticity, personal integrity, social responsibility, ethics, empathy, and democracy, seems naturally poised to embrace a non-speciesist, animal rights perspective. However, virtually all psychological paradigms seem to sanction speciesism. This article explores the speciesist underpinnings of psychological thought and suggests a new paradigm that embraces many humanistic values with which to appreciate the role of other animals in human psychology and ontology and to work toward a more nonviolent social order. Topic: General Animal Assisted Therapy Levinson, B., Mallon, G. (1996). Pet-oriented child psychotherapy. 2nd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.   The authors document the way that companion animals can help develop the relationship between therapist and client therefore increasing the efficacy of the therapy. Topic: General Animal Assisted Therapy Lovgren, S. (2006, Jan 12). Dogs smell cancer in patients' breath, study shows. National Geographic, Retrieved Mar 05, 2006, from http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/01/0112_060112_dog_cancer.html.   Dogs can detect if someone has cancer just by sniffing the persons breath, a new study shows. Topic: General Animal Assisted Therapy McDowell, B. M. (2005). Nontraditional therapies for the PICU. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 10(2), 81-85.   This article presents an answer to a query about the incorporation of nontraditional therapies such as pet therapy into pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) setting. Holistic care for children and families experiencing the stress of hospitalization; Benefits of animal-assisted therapy (AAT); Considerations for using AAT." (Abstract by the author) Myers, G. (1998). Children and animals: social development and our connections to other species. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.   What role does an animal play in a child's developing sense of self? Do children and animals interact in ways no longer recognizable to adults? Children and Animals addresses these and other intriguing questions by revealing the interconnected lives of the inhabitants of the preschool classroom-an environment abounding in childish verbal and nonverbal interactions with birds, turtles, toads, snakes, bugs, and other creatures. Oakley, D. (n.d.). The potential benefits of animal assisted therapy for children with special needs. Retrieved Feb. 13, 2006, from Kids Needs Web site: Http://www.kidsneeds.com/diagnostic_categories/articles/animalassistedtherapy.htm   According to journalist Odean Cusack, Anyone who has ever owned a pet will readily verify the benefits of associating with furred, feathered, or finned friends. Animals are fun to be with and comforting to hold. Their antics inspire humor and a sense of carefreeness, a return to childhood with its buoyant spirits. Caring for pets encourages nurturance, responsibility, and adherence to a daily schedule. Pets enable owners to reach outside themselves and to put aside fears of an uncertain future. Pets live in the immediate moment, and interacting with them makes us keenly aware of the present with all its joys and idiosyncrasies. Topic: General Animal Assisted Therapy Owen, E. (2005). The dangers of cuddly extremism. New Statesman, 134(4757), 20-21.   Argues that some animal rights organizations encourage extremists. Protest of animal rights organizations against the use of animals in scientific research; Focus on the militants within the animal rights lobby who use violence and intimidation to get their way; Discussion of the value of animal research to medical progress; Decision of the British government to withdraw the Labor Party's pension-fund investment from Huntingdon Life Sciences, a company that is targeted by animal rights extremists. Pitts, J. (2000-2006). Using aquariums to help manage Alzheimers disease-animal assisted therapy. The Pet Care Trust, Retrieved Feb 26, 2006, from http://petcaretrust.org/14a/pages./index.cfm?pageid+3303.   Research shows that the presence of aquariums improves the mental condition of Alzheimer's patients. R. Burnell, S. (2006). Research examines robot-assisted therapy. United Press International-Science and Technology, . Retrieved Feb 26, 2006, from http://www.upi.com/inc/view.php?StoryID=20021205-042846-4451r   Computerized "pets," could approach their flesh-and-blood counterparts in providing people with social interaction stimuli, scientists said Thursday. Purdue University is running a year-long study that puts an "AIBO" robot dog for six weeks in the homes of people 65 years and older who live alone. Cats and dogs have the well-documented ability to improve patients' stress levels, blood pressure and other factors. Using robots could do the same while alleviating a medical staff's worries about possible animal drawbacks, such as the need for feeding and exercise, Beck said. "We want to see if robots can provide social stimulation in places such as assisted-living facilities and nursing homes," Beck told United Press International. "The robots have just enough movement and action to allow people to suspend their disbelief." Topic: General Animal Assisted Therapy Rivera, M. (2001). Hospice hounds: animals and healing at the borders of death. , NY: Lantern Books.   Animals' assisting in the healing process is becoming a very common practice, and allowing animals to visit dying people in hospices is therefore becoming more prevalent. In Hospice Hounds, Rivera shares her experiences with dogs brightening up the final months and days of people who are near death. Rosen, M. (2000). The ranch of a thousand smiles: how marilyn and pat greene created a special place for special kids.. Biography,Vol 5, Issue 8, Pg. 78.   Abstract: Focuses on the horseback riding experience provided by couple Marilyn and Pat Greene to children with physical disabilities in Alabama. Inspiration for the Marianna Greene Henry Special Equestrians Program; Extent of the children's involvement and skills; Benefits of hippotherapy to single-disability students. INSET: Animal Magic. Schoen, A. (2001). Kindred Spirits: How the remarkable bond between humans and animals can change the way we live. New York: Broadway Books.   Here he follows Love, Miracles and Animal Healing, his first book for lay audiences, and expands readers' awareness of veterinary acupuncture, chiropractic, homeo